In a population-based sample of older persons, we studied the relationship between tibial bone density and geometry and factors potentially affecting osteoporosis. The final study population included persons men and women, age range 65—96 years after exclusion of participants affected by bone diseases or treated with drugs that interfere with bone metabolism. In both sexes, calf cross-sectional muscle area CSMA was significantly and independently associated with total bone cross-sectional area tCSA and cortical bone cross-sectional area cCSA but not with trabecular or cortical volumetric bone mineral density vBMD.
Bioavailable testosterone Bio-T was independently associated with both trabecular and cortical vBMD in both sexes. IL-1 beta was negatively correlated with cortical vBMD in women, while TNF-alpha was associated with enhanced bone geometrical adaptation in men.
Physiological parameters that are generically considered risk factors for osteoporosis were associated with specific bone parameters assessed by tibial QCT.
Our results also suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines might be considered as markers of bone resorption. Most epidemiological evidence on factors affecting bone tissue mineralization in older persons is based on DXA-derived estimates of bone tissue mineral content relative to volume [ 1 ].
These studies neglect to consider that trabecular and cortical bones have different physiological characteristics and, therefore, are likely to be affected by different factors [ 2 - 5 ]. Age-related bone loss is accompanied by an increase in bone diameter, a putative adaptive mechanism that tends to maintain bone strength [ 6 - 8 ].
While it is well established that geometrical characteristics contribute to bone strength, whether they are affected by specific behavioral, hormonal and metabolic factors is unknown. There is robust evidence that estrogens are important for the maintenance of bone mineralization over the life span.
However, because of their adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes, estrogens are no longer considered the first choice intervention for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women [ 9 , 10 ]. Therefore, it is important to study physiological factors other than estrogens that may affect bone characteristics in older persons and which may be suitable targets for alternative interventions. There is strong evidence that exercise is beneficial to the skeleton, probably because it is associated with a substantial increment of the mechanical stimulation of bone both directly and indirectly through the enhancement of muscle strength [ 11 ].
Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that strength training reduces the risk of fractures and slows down the age-associated decline of mineral density [ 12 ]. Likewise, vitamin D deficiency is frequent in older persons [ 13 ], especially in older women and, together with a compensatory elevation of PTH serum levels, potentially contributes to accelerate bone loss in older individuals [ 14 ].
In a recent study, vitamin D but not estradiol or free testosterone predicted fractures in older men [ 15 ]. Finally, there is now a large body of evidence suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokines may enhance bone reabsorption and contribute to the disruption of the bone micro-architecture that is often observed in older persons [ 19 ].
Accordingly, experimental and clinical studies indicate the existence of an important link between pro-inflammatory cytokines and postmenopausal bone loss [ 20 ]. Whether pro-inflammatory cytokines affect mainly trabecular or cortical bone is unclear.
Using data on trabecular and cortical bone density and bone geometry collected by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography, we studied the relationship between muscle strength, muscle mass, physical activity, parathyroid hormone PTH , bioavailable testosterone Bio-T , dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS , total insulin-like growth factors-1 IGF-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and bone strength in a representative sample of older persons.
In particular, we aimed at differentiating correlates of trabecular and cortical bone characteristics and bone geometrical structure. InCHIANTI is an epidemiological study of risk factors for mobility disability in old age performed on a representative sample of the population living in Greve in Chianti and Bagno a Ripoli, two small towns located in the Chianti countryside of Tuscany, Italy. The study design and data collection have been previously described elsewhere [ 21 ].
Of the participants 65 years old or older, received a home interview. Of these, The final study population included persons men and women, age range 65—96 years. The study protocol was examined and approved by our institutional review board. All participants received a detailed description of the purpose and design of the study, and all signed an informed participation consent.
After the home interview, participants received a functional evaluation and an examination in a clinical center. A detailed description of the tibial QCT examination has been published elsewhere [ 3 ]. The cross-sectional images obtained from the pQCT were analyzed using the BonAlyse software BonAlyse Oy, Jyvaskyla, Finland , a software program for processing pQCT scans that automatically identifies bone tissue cortical and trabecular and assesses its density and geometry.
The following bone parameters were derived from the pQCT images:. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after a h overnight fast and after the participants had been sitting for at least 15 min, carefully avoiding red cell hemolysis.
All the routine hematological tests were performed on fresh blood. Intra- and interassay CVs were 8. The assay uses two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies, one specific for the amino-terminal 1—34 portion of PTH molecule and the second specific for the 39—84 sequence of the hormone.
The assay sensitivity was 1. For total testosterone, the minimum detection limit was 0. Concentrations of bioavailable testosterone Bio-T were calculated using the Vermeulen formula [ 24 ]. The lower detectable limit was 0. Weight was measured to the nearest 0. Standing height without shoes was measured to the nearest 0. The circumferences were taken using a flexible, fiberglass tape, while the participant was standing.
Waist circumference was measured at the narrowest area of the waist, usually 1 cm above the iliac crest, while hip circumference was measured at the maximum posterior extension of the buttocks while the participant was standing. Waist to hip ratio WHR was calculated as: waist circumference cm divided by the hip circumference cm.
Participants, lying in lateral decubitus opposite to the examined limb with the hip and the knee extended and the ankle in neutral position, were asked to perform the task twice with the right foot. The average of the results obtained was used for the present analyses.
This measure has been extensively used as a muscular strength parameter of lower limb [ 25 ]. In previous studies, the intraclass correlation coefficients for duplicate measures of ankle extension strength were 0. This tradition has been going wellington boots will of course have on for a good few years now, but over the last 2 you labelled as Welly Head..
Well, we have Mr Red who thankfully was eventually persuaded that different decals on the bike do not produce any technical advantage! The obligatory 2 stroke versus 4 stroke debate is endless and has recently turned into a manufacturer allegiance debate. Weight was the next big thing and a bike was created that bristled with more titanium than the terminator.
But the heated debate that dominated was the great manual cam chain adjuster benefits. How rude!!! The irony of course is that the testing of these monumental upgrades is currently not possible because of the lock downs… Still competition is kindly rife with many of.
However when it comes to group this little club regularly supplies 5 or 6 observers. The academic benefits of well-being are of course unprovable, but if fun equals wellbeing then Berko Men in The Bus Shelter is the way to go!! I confirm that I understand the nature and type of event I am entering and its inherent risks and agree to accept the same notwithstanding that such risks may involve negligence on the part of the organisers or officials.
I understand that this form may be used in litigation as evidence that any serious injury will be principally the result of my voluntary decision to engage in a high risk activity.
I confirm that I am eligible to compete on the machines for which I have entered. These items include but are not restricted to safety clothing, transponders, accessories. I understand that I am liable for the cost or replacement of any items lost or not returned and non-payment or non-replacement of items borrowed may affect my entry into subsequent events. I understand that by taking part in this event I am exposed to a risk of death, becoming permanently disabled or suffering some other serious injury and I acknowledge that even in the event that negligence on the part of the ACU, any event organiser, any circuit owner, the promoter, the organising club, the venue owner, or any individual carrying out duties on their behalf were to be a contributory cause of any serious injury I may suffer, the dominant cause of any serious injury will always be my voluntary decision to take part in a high risk activity.
I have read the above and acknowledge that my participation in motorsport is entirely at my own risk. I appreciate the dangers inherent in motorsport which include the risk of death or permanent disablement. I accept that photographs or video films may be taken of my child by officials dealing with safety issues or accident investigations. Extract from NSC Article 7.
Failure to do so is a breach of the Rules. All entrants must show their club membership and ACU affiliation card when signing on at the event and state the number on the entry form. Send to Secretary of the Meeting. Send 2 stamped addressed envelope s 11 x 22cm with entry.
Experts to follow Blue route until white deviation. Pre 67 must have good silencer. Covid rules to apply for social distancing. Please state on your entry form if your machine has a Villiers engine. Youth — Any route. Programme and Results will be posted on the club website www. The trial is being operated in accordance with Government guidelines to minimise the risk. There is a Covid Crisis Risk Assessment in place for this trial which must be adhered to, social distancing must be observed at all times and no spectators will be allowed.
No more than 6 riders at a section and a one way system will operate through the section for inspection purposes. Despite the precautions taken by the club and other riders, you may be exposed to the Covid virus, please do not attend if you are unwell or suffering any symptoms Take the details from these regulations to fill in your entry form elsewhere in the magazine.
Yet competition activities were not even confined to speedway, as London also had its own road race circuit, the atmospheric Crystal Palace. The south London track hosted its last major meeting in and many photos often reveal its daunting and unforgiving nature.
This was the cause of its eventual demise as changing safety demands would need much investment and, sadly, this was not forthcoming. With the exception of speedway, where silencing had a few more years before it became mandatory, it appeared that other unsilenced race engines would never again be heard in the metropolis.
It turned out to be a premature prospect, although it did take 32 years for it to happen again! By that time, speedway in the city had ended when Wimbledon closed in , but following a monumental effort by supporters, it resumed for the season.
Two years later, Motorsports Promotions offered a totally different race experience, with a sprint at London City Airport. For bikes only, at this most unlikely of venues, this had all sprint and drag race Although repeated the following year, there were fewer high-profile riders as the concrete runway surface offered tricky conditions for the more powerful bikes. Yet, 38 years after the track finished, Crystal Palace was back! This was far from easy as much had changed after the circuit closed.
A course was established using a combination. For the first year, this was for cars only, but subsequent events have seen bikes gradually become more prominent.
There should have been a further meeting this year, but coronavirus put paid to that. But back to , and London City Airport was not the only unusual London location to play host to racing motorcycles.
The year marked the centenary of the first AJS motorcycle. The manufacturer originated in Wolverhampton and for the next two decades it produced machinery that was often innovative and at the high end of the market. Just the sort of thing not to be producing in the Depression years and by it was game over and what was left was absorbed by Matchless, eventually creating Associated Motor Cycles AMC followed by years of success for both marques at Plumstead before the whole conglomerate entered a sad and dramatic decline by the sixties.
With the old factory long since gone, the run organisers managed to negotiate the site of Woolwich Arsenal, on the opposite side of Plumstead Road, as a venue for a day of centenary celebrations. It turned out to be an ideal venue and a warm, sunny July day added to the mix. The demonstration featured four such examples. The occasion also brought luminaries such as Sammy Miller, riding the supercharged four. A line up of some true classics. Nearest the camera is a Matchless G45, a twin-cylinder that was soon out-classed by the G50 single.
Colin Seeley, a long stalwart of AMC in various capacities, was also out having a canter. He bought the rights to continue production of the 7R and the version, the Matchless G In truth, the bikes were close to obsolescence, but privateer racers had little choice with the Japanese still to offer production racers and a limited supply of alternatives from Italian manufacturers. A number of other riders also demonstrated their Seeley machinery.
The use of the Woolwich site was strictly a one-off, as house building has continued making a repeat performance impossible. For students of racing history, a lockdown permitted exercise walk around the old Crystal Palace circuit is an interesting journey of discovery. Older track layouts, as well as the final version, are easily followed, although the Terrace Straight, location for the start and finish, has been grassed over.
Other features have been landscaped and some altered quite dramatically. On the other side of the Thames, London City Airport remains, but a walk around there is about as likely as a further sprint event, however London obviously has the ability to spring unexpected surprises.
A return of race engines to the capital? Do not turn up at the venue unless you have received confirmation of entry by email Ham Lane, Langrish. Entries will be limited to 80 riders. Only Trials machines, fitted with Trials tyres can be used. It will not be possible to accept entries on the day. As such, it may be necessary to limit the number of competitors to maintain social distancing measures not only in the paddock but also at Sections.
You must not enter this event if you have any symptoms related to the Covid virus — including but not limited to a fever, a new persistent cough or a change in or loss of taste or smell. If you develop symptoms after entering please cancel your booking by email. Observers will use score sheets for marking. Riders must not go within two metres of an Observer. As score sheets will be quarantined after the Trial, results will not be published for 4 days.
All other riders will be issued with a riding number. All riders must provide their own rider number plate with a colour indicator showing the route they are riding. Directions for Venue - The venue location, driving instructions and any additional joining information will be issued by email to all riders. Catering - Catering Van on site.
Riders must wear face masks and correctly distance when queuing. Toilets - There are no toilet facilities at this Trial. Please consider before entering. If that individual becomes symptomatic, everyone in the support bubble must selfisolate and stay at home. Premiers for best in each class. First and Second Class awards subject to 6 starters in that class. There will be 2 laps of 18 to 20 sections, if we get sufficient observers.
The actress, 33, says portion control has played a big role in her fitness revamp. Cypress-Fairbanks ISD via YouTubeParents and community members have called for a Houston school board trustee to resign after he savagely critiqued Black teachers during a racist rant at a school board meeting.
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A lot or a little? The parents' guide to what's in this movie. Positive Messages. Positive Role Models. Diverse Representations. Main characters run a winery. Adults drink wine and other drinks. What parents need to know Parents need to know that the main characters of the holiday-themed romance A California Christmas: City Lights the sequel to A California Christmas run two businesses and are fabulously wealthy. Continue reading Show less. Stay up to date on new reviews.
Get full reviews, ratings, and advice delivered weekly to your inbox. User Reviews Parents say Kids say. Adult Written by Rebekah Bruce December 19, Awesome movie. Congrats love it. Report this review. Teen, 14 years old Written by Kwhowritesreviews4u December 30, Christmas Romcom I watched this with parents and 10yo sibling. It was pretty good. They kiss a lot so sometimes we forwarded through it but it was not a problem. The movie go Continue reading.
What's the story? Is it any good? Talk to your kids about The stars of this film are married in real life.
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